Showing posts with label pig genetics. Show all posts
Showing posts with label pig genetics. Show all posts

Friday, January 8, 2016

Engineering pigs to beat virus

A research team at the Roslin Institute is using advanced genetic techniques to engineer pigs that are more resilient to deadly virus infections. The study at the University of Edinburgh is aimed at assessing whether changing the pigs’ genetic code at a precise point in their DNA affects their susceptibility to African Swine Fever. The next step will be to test how altering the pigs’ genes affects transmission of the virus and whether the animals fare better after infection than standard farmed pigs.
The animals have been created using an advanced genetic technique called “gene editing” to modify individual letters of the pigs’ genetic code. The change is designed to dampen the immune system’s overreaction to the virus, which is responsible for the devastating effects of the disease.
African Swine Fever is spread by ticks. When standard farmed pigs are infected, they become ill very quickly and die. In contrast, warthogs and bush pigs show no disease symptoms when infected. One of the pig genes associated with African Swine Fever Virus infection is called RELA. The role of this gene is to activate the immune response.
Warthogs and bush pigs carry a different version (or allele) of the RELA gene to that found in domestic pigs. This difference may make them resilient to African Swine Fever. The gene differs from that carried by domestic pigs that you would find on a farm by only a few letters of the genetic code. However, this may have a huge impact on the outcome of infection.
Roslin scientists have produced pigs which have a single letter of their genetic code altered. These animals produce a shorter version of RELA, which lacks a domain involved in the immune response. The team had created a separate group of pigs that have changes at several sites in their RELA gene, to make it the identical to the version that is found in the warthog.
All of the changes that have been introduced could have occurred spontaneously in nature. Researchers hope that the genetic changes will make the animals more resilient to infection with African Swine Fever Virus, but they still need to test this in controlled trials.
There has never been an outbreak of African Swine Fever in the UK, yet the virus has recently started spreading throughout Eastern Europe. There are fears that it could reach British farms.
The team plans to use the same gene-editing techniques to produce cattle, chickens and sheep that are resistant to infections; however, this research is at a much earlier stage.
Professor Bruce Whitelaw, head of Developmental Biology at the University of Edinburgh’s Roslin Institute, said, “We have used a gene-editing technique to change individual letters in the pigs’ genetic code, to speed up a process that occurs spontaneously in nature.
“Our goal is to improve the welfare of farmed pigs around the world, making them healthier and more productive for farmers.”

Friday, January 1, 2016

Danes aim to double swine genetics exports

A new agreement involves DanAvl, and is expected to double exports of Danish pig genes and breeding worldwide, building on existing strong demand for the country’s pig breeding stock and semen, according to the Danish Agriculture and Food Council (Landbrug and Fødevarer). DanAvl is a global concept and brand, owned and managed by the Danish Pig Research Centre.
“Denmark is well-known for making good genes in pig production,” said Council Chairman, Erik Larsen. “This is the result of decades of organizing breeding work and the strong bond between Danish pig producers, who stand together behind the development of genetics.”
Today, DanBred sells around 400,000 breeding animals and two million doses of semen to export markets, primarily in northern Europe. Added to domestic sales, annual turnover amounts to around DKK2 billion (US$292 million).
The new partnership allows sales and production to come together under the umbrella of the DanBred company as majority owner. The company will continue to manage overall marketing, directly or through its agents and partners. Minority owner of the new company is the sales company, DanBred International and SPF Denmark.
“This new cooperation will cement and further develop our position in the global markets for pig genetics,” said Larsen, “Our goal over the next five or six years is to double our exports and expand into new markets worldwide. It creates value for customers, partners, suppliers and owners - including the Danish pig sector as a whole, which is behind the results already achieved.”
Further details over the new organization will be finalized over the coming months.
“Recent analysis has shown that we could do more to exploit the market potential,” added Larsen. “The root cause was an outdated business model that can be rectified in this new cooperation. The new DanBred model will build support around a clear and future-oriented structure that will deliver for the Danish pig industry.”

Thursday, December 17, 2015

PRRS-resistant pigs developed by Genus, university

Animal genetics company Genus has developed the first pigs resistant to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus, through a long-standing collaboration with the University of Missouri.
The production of PRRS-resistant pigs is a significant breakthrough in combating this devastating porcine disease, stated Genus, which adds it is excited to be progressing the development of this technology under an exclusive global license from the University of Missouri.
PRRS is a significant and harmful pig disease faced by many farmers, causing animal reproductive failure, reduced growth and premature death. Even though it has challenged the pork industry for more than 25 years, there is currently no cure for PRRS. The technology has the potential to eliminate the disease impact on the animals, improve the well-being of pigs, and enhance pig farm productivity, which ultimately will help meet the global demand for pork products.
Using precise gene editing, the University of Missouri was able to breed pigs that do not produce a specific protein necessary for the virus to spread in the animals. The early stage studies conducted by the university demonstrate these PRRS-resistant pigs, when exposed to the virus, do not get sick and continue to gain weight normally.
Genus will continue to develop this technology, and expects it will be at least five years until PRRS-resistant animals are available to farmers. Genus intends to commercialize the technology through PIC, its porcine division.
The university research results have been published in the peer-reviewed scientific journal, Nature Biotechnology, on December 7.
Speaking about this breakthrough, Dr. Jonathan Lightner, chief scientific officer and head of research & development of Genus, said: "The demonstration of genetic resistance to the PRRS virus by gene editing is a potential game-changer for the pork industry. There are several critical challenges ahead as we develop and commercialize this technology; however, the promise is clear, and Genus is committed to developing its potential. Genus is dedicated to the responsible exploration of new innovations that benefit the well-being of animals, farmers, and ultimately consumers."
Dr. Randall Prather, distinguished professor of animal sciences at the University of Missouri, said: "We are delighted to have been working with Genus and to have discovered a major breakthrough in tackling this devastating disease that causes suffering to so many animals around the world."
The breakthrough is being applauded by the American Farm Bureau Federation (AFBF).
“[The] announcement of a health-enhanced pig able to resist the PRRS virus is a critical scientific breakthrough in hog farmers’ battles against the disease and is a real game changer for the pork industry,” said AFBF President Bob Stallman. “PRRS is an incurable viral disease that causes reproductive failure in sows, reduces growth of young pigs, and causes premature death in piglets; PRRS annually causes an estimated $664 million in lost productivity. Being able to fight this disease through advance genetic technologies will mean healthier animals, more efficient food production and more efficient risk management options for producers.”

Monday, October 19, 2015

Boycott on man-made dwarfism in pigs

Britain’s National Pig Association (NPA) has added its voice to the chorus of criticism of a Chinese firm’s plans to produce gene-edited micro-pigs and sell them for around GBP1,000 (US$1,534).

NPA is urging showbiz personalities in Britain to set an example of good animal welfare by boycotting the market in micro-pigs, regardless of whether these so-called “tea-cup” pigs have been created by genetic engineering or selective breeding.
“The current trend for keeping micro-pigs as fashion accessories could be perpetuating serious animal welfare problems,” said Dr. Crayford. “Some miniature pig lines were originally developed for medical research and can carry genetic mutations responsible for deformities linked to animal dwarfism, such as deformed skulls and weak limbs.” 
Other lines of micro-pig have been developed by successively breeding from litter runts, which can lead to expensive veterinary bills caused by genetic weaknesses and susceptibilities, including walking difficulties and obesity.
Continued breeding of micro-pigs may compromise animal welfare and should not be encouraged, says NPA. Pigs generally do not make good house pets because they are programmed to root and chew, so they can be destructive if kept in a house or small town garden. 
A further problem for dilettante pig-keepers is ensuring the animals are fed properly, says NPA chairman Richard Lister, a North Yorkshire professional pig producer. “Because of the risk of spreading disease, it is illegal to feed pigs raw or cooked catering waste, and that includes all waste from household kitchens — and the penalty is a fine or prison sentence of up to two years.” 
Micro-pigs pose a risk to the nation’s food supply, NPA contends, as they can catch and spread diseases such as foot-and-mouth but they are harder to trace as some owners are not be aware of the legal requirement to register them.
Another risk for unsuspecting buyers is that they may be sold as what appears to be a micro-pig but is in fact just a small pig, which in time will grow to 150-200 kilos.

Tuesday, September 29, 2015

Topigs Norsvin Canada acquires Signature Genes

Topigs Norsvin Canada Inc. has purchased the swine genetics and business operations of Signature Genes of Ste. Anne, Manitoba.
The Signature Genes Duroc herd is a high-health, elite population of high quality Durocs that is well known in Manitoba and western Canada. Established in 1981, this herd has been performance tested for more than 30 years. Throughout these years, the use of the most modern testing methods has been applied. Measurement and selection for backfat, growth rate, feed conversion and meat quality have made the Signature Duroc desirable by producers and packers alike.
Topigs Norsvin Canada General Manager Cam McGavin comments: “The completion of this purchase is the result of several years of planning. The merger of Topigs and Norsvin in 2014 brought the Norsvin Duroc line to Canada. Now with the acquisition of the Signature Duroc we will be able to offer two very distinct Duroc lines to our customers. As with all of our lines, we will apply the very best methods of genetic improvement and technology to the Signature lines.”
The Signature Duroc boars and semen are currently available at several artificial insemination operations in Canada with new opportunities being pursued.
Terms of the transaction have not been disclosed.

Tuesday, July 14, 2015

Hendrix Genetics and NPM Capital join forces

Thursday, July 9, 2015

New UK pig genetics company forms, purchases ACMC assets

Thursday, May 21, 2015

JSR Genetics, Topigs Norsvin partners in pig genetics

Friday, May 1, 2015

Han Swine acquires stake in France’s Choice Genetics

Friday, July 11, 2014

First exome sequence completed in pigs

Monday, June 9, 2014

Topigs, Norsvin merge into second largest pig genetics supplier

     topigs-norsvin-1406PIGporkexpo.jpg
    Topigs Norsvin will produce more than 1.55 million crossbred gilts and over 8 million doses of semen per year. The merger was announced at the 2014 World Pork Expo by Martin Bijl, CEO of Topigs Norsvin. 
    Swine breeding and pig genetics companies Topigs International and Norsvin International AS have merged their international commercial and research and development activities into one new company, Topigs Norsvin.
    The alignment, announced in the U.S. at the 2014 World Pork Expo on Wednesday, will generate more genetic progress, new products, and better solutions and support for their customers. Topigs Norsvin will be the world's second largest supplier of swine genetics with an annual with annual revenues exceeding US$179 million. The company will produce more than 1.55 million crossbred gilts and over 8 million doses of semen per year.
    Norsvin SA and Topigs Nederland are not part of the merger, and the current products of both merging companies will remain available. The head office of Topigs Norsvin will be in Vught, the Netherlands.
    Topigs and Norsvin are a perfect match,” said Martin Bijl, CEO of Topigs Norsvin. “We are both research and development driven and have complimentary portfolios. Topigs brings robust, easy to manage lines providing the best total feed efficiency. Norsvin brings extremely productive, lean and efficient lines."
    The companies already have several years of close cooperation in research and development.

Thursday, May 1, 2014

RE-SE Genetics boars sent to new artificial insemination station

    The first group of 54 boars of RA-SE Genetics was sent from nucleus farms in England and Belgium to a new, modern artificial insemination station, located close to the village of Tiszagyenda, in Central Hungary. The station is operated by KözĂ©ptiszai MezĹ‘gazdasági Zrt.
    MaxiMus, OptiMus and female line boars will produce semen from May and beyond. The high health status of the boars at the station will be used in the Hungarian market as well as for export purposes.
    “By sending boars free of myco, APP and PRRS, RA-SE genetics sends a clear message to the market that the focus in the next decade will be on high health for better production efficiency,” said Geert Rombouts, RA-SE Genetics.
    The move represents dramatic changes in pig production in Europe over the past several years. Fewer integrated structures are producing a bigger share of the slaughter pigs to market. Some also invest in modern artificial insemination stations to maximize genetic efficiency and health control.
    The new artificial insemination station is located in a very isolated part of the Hungary, which helps to reduce infection risks.

Wednesday, November 13, 2013

Babcock Genetics releases research on piglet birth weights

    Babcock Genetics Inc., a supplier of swine genetics, has released research showing the impact of individual piglet birth weight on profit margin. Individual piglet value was established by tracking mortality to the day it occurred.
    "The goal of the unique research study was to determine the relationship between individual birth weight and the diminishing return of small pigs," said Kevin Schleusner, vice president of Babcock Genetics. "The 10-year average profit per pig according to Iowa State University is $4.26 per pig. The study focused on examining ways to increase that average profit per pig."
    Individual piglet birth weight was found to have the highest correlation with profit when compared to number of piglets born. Light weight piglets were shown to have a negative effect on profits. "The study proves that light weight piglets recorded higher mortality rates, reduced meat quality, lower average daily gain and lower lean gain," said Chad Bierman, Ph.D, Geneticist, Babcock Genetics. "Piglets born at light weights also showed poorer feed conversion when taken to suitable market weight."
    The collaborative research also determined that as litter size increases individual birth weights drop. Larger litters produce more light weight piglets and smaller litters produce higher weight piglets. "As birth weight increases so does the amount of profit per pig," said Dr. Darwin Kohler, DVM, Babcock Genetics. "A litter of 3.6 pound piglets will produce a higher profit margin than a litter of 3.25 pound piglets."
    The cost of treatments and inferior muscling in light weight piglets were also included in the study. Other relationships factors in the research were the cost of mortality and yardage associated with producing light weight pigs. A detailed research document will be published in the American Associated of Swine Veterinarians abstracts.

Thursday, October 31, 2013

Babcock Genetics launches Breed Select Program

    Babcock Genetics Inc., a worldwide supplier of swine genetics, announces the international launch of the Breed Select Program, a new genetic program available to swine producers.
    "Babcock has focused our research on developing a program that would offer a higher level of profitability to our customers," said James McPeak, President, Babcock Genetics. "We are maximizing genetic improvement by selecting lines that best complement each other."
    The new Breed Select Program will improve key traits that are important profit drivers for swine producers.  Producers will see a substantial improvement in number born while maintaining high individual piglet birth weights. Babcock currently supplies its customers with a robust, disease resistant animal that grows fast and is an efficient feed converter.

Danbred North America is now DNA Genetics

    A leading swine genetics company now has a new name and a new focus, while remaining under the same independent U.S. ownership. DNA Genetics - formerly known as Danbred North America, a Danbred distributor - is committed to meeting the genetic needs of U.S. and Canadian pork producers.
    "DNA Genetics will use our Danish genetics as its foundation, but we are now independent of Denmark's genetic program," says Brett Bonwell, CEO of DNA Genetics. "Operating independently of Denmark gives us the ability to focus on the traits and economic value that are most important to the profitability of our North American customers. The result will be providing customers with the best genetic value for greater gains and improved performance."
    The separation from the Danish genetic system is an amicable one. "It came down to the fact that our business approach and how we deliver economic value for our customers no longer matched theirs," he states.
    The company is ready to operate independently. "We have always been set up to run separately in the case of a trade barrier or disease outbreak, so while the circumstances are different, we are ready to provide a seamless transition for our customers," he says.
    The biggest change? Trait selection will now be based solely on a North American economic model instead of a European model of production. The company is investing $5 million to move the current genetics to a new level for the North American market. This includes investments in database development, people, and the new, state-of-the-art InSight Performance Center. InSight, set to be fully operational by 2014, will be fully equipped to measure feed intake, with more than 2,000 boars on-test at any given time, surpassing the capability of the Danish system.
    "Our customers will be working with the same people and the same pigs," Bonwell says. "Our new AccuGain Genetics Program is designed to accelerate trait availability into our customers' herds and provide advantages producers won't find elsewhere."
    AccuGain is based on six principles:
    1. A disciplined culture of team members committed to nothing but genetic improvement and biosecurity
    2. A robust nucleus herd with large numbers of animals in each line
    3. Optimizing the movement of improved genetics into the nucleus, having the lowest generation level in the industry
    4. A commitment to performance testing that involves testing more animals of both sexes per line compared with other genetic companies
    5. An exclusive Helix genetics database that combines nucleus, customer, multiplier and genomic data to improve selection accuracy and enhance genetic progress
    6. Gene Transfer Centers that are company owned or managed, resulting in faster availability of the most advanced genetic potential 
    Selection for maternal lines will focus on productivity, feed efficiency, lean gain, structural soundness and durability. Terminal lines will focus on lean gain and feed efficiency while maintaining and improving the company's lead in producing full-value pigs.
    "Our purebred DNA Genetics Line 200 Yorkshire and Line 400 Landrace grandparent animals produce our DNA Genetics Line 241 F1 females," Bonwell says. "Our F1 females have a proven ability to wean 32 or more uniform, high-quality pigs per sow per year. The foundation of our maternal selection program is Live Pigs at 5 Days™, which more accurately predicts number of pigs weaned compared to total born and simultaneously improves pig quality and livability."
    The company will test for feed efficiency on more than 8,000 boars annually. "Our DNA Genetics Line 600 Duroc is a high-performing, terminal line that is designed to excel in North American production settings and produces exceptionally efficient average daily carcass gain," explains Bonwell. "This line excels in producing robust offspring, which results in more total pounds of full-value carcass per sow."
    DNA Genetics is investing in people and recently added geneticist Dr. Caitlyn Abell to its team. "In addition, we will collaborate with external advisory teams to gain input and insight from some of the sharpest minds in the business. We view our customers as partners and will work to make sure they have the best genetics in the world."

Tuesday, September 10, 2013

Topigs announces new distributor in Macedonia

    Topigs announced that Eurogene is the new distributor of Topigs genetics in F.Y.R.O. Macedonia. Eurogene, directed by N. Vokuvic also signed a contract with a local SPF farm to work as a multiplier for Topigs genetic dam line material.
    Pure lines were introduced from the Topigs SPF nucleus farm in Meuse, France. The local pig breeding farm will produce all of the dam line genetics needed for the local market. In the future, it will be able to supply the pig breeding needs of neighboring markets as well.
    With a production of more than 1,250,000 crossbred gilts and over 7 million doses of semen per year, Dutch-based Topigs is one of the biggest pig genetics suppliers in the world. 

Tuesday, August 27, 2013

JSR Genetics new sire lines lower production costs

    The pig production arm of the JSR Farming Group, a 4,000 sow operation producing 2,000 pigs per week, has increased the dead weight of its slaughter pigs and cut its overall cost of production by 2.5 percent by switching to two new sire lines developed by JSR Genetics.
    Against a backdrop of rapidly rising feed prices (up by 40 percent in the last three years) James Christian, Chief Operating Officer at JSR and his team were looking very closely at the performance of their four breeding sites and 12 finishing units. The search was on to find new ways to maximize output and minimize cost.
    Faster growing pigs, which can be taken to heavier weights within their production time frame, could provide the answer. Of course, it would need to do that efficiently, with no negative impact on feed conversion ratios.  And the resulting quality, measured against a comprehensive set of metrics including back fat ratios, would have to be equal or better than that which was currently being achieved. Last but not least, the new pigs would need to be sufficiently robust to thrive in any one of JSR's production units, which are located in areas of varying disease challenge.
    "We discussed our ideas with JSR Genetics and challenged them to develop new sire lines for our business which could produce rapidly growing, high quality, robust pigs without compromising feed efficiency, quality or resilience," says Christian.
    Twelve months ago, JSR identified the importance of increasing the slaughter weights of their pigs and during the last year have increased the carcass weight by 3kg. JSR now has contracts in place which will allow them to work towards a target slaughter weight in excess of 83kg. The pigs are also delivering good carcass yields whilst maintaining low back fat levels of an average of 10.2mm. This suggests of course that heavier weights can be achieved with these sire lines without compromising quality. The new pigs are also proving to be robust and easy to manage.
    In terms of their growth they are, on average, gaining an additional 122g per day from 30kg to slaughter. However they are also making exceptional progress in the critical, early stages of their development, increasing JSR's average weaning weight by an average of 0.75kg. This, together with enhanced natural resistance to a range of widespread diseases including scour, is helping the business to achieve impressive low mortality and high average weaning rates. These are currently running at over 11.5 per litter, right across the business.
    "We have made good progress in our efforts to take our pigs to heavier weights, without compromising quality or efficiency and we've reduced our overall cost of production by 2.5 percent, he says.  "This is great news for our business and we will continue to increase slaughter weights up to 90kg."

Wednesday, August 21, 2013

JSR Genetics invests in boar cooling system

    boar-house-ventilation-1308PIGnews
    The cooling system at JSR Genetics monitors indoor and outdoor temperature to protect boar health.

    JSR Genetics has invested in a cooling system that constantly monitors indoor and outdoor temperatures within the company's artificial insemination boar accommodation. The system feeds cold air via a fan system into the boar stud when the outdoor temperatures rise above 17C, helping to keep the boars' core body temperatures at the optimum level.
    Semen can become damaged as a result of boars' prolonged exposure to high temperatures. The system, which cools the air by drawing it through water, maintains the indoor temperature within an optimum range for quality semen production.
    "After an initial research period, the installation work was undertaken in spring 2013 to ensure it was completed and in place for the high temperatures that were forecast for the summer months," said Steve Cook, artificial insemination production manager at JSR. "The system allows us to keep the boars cool and protected, so that we can continue to deliver the highest possible quality products to our customers, leading to successful farrowing and conception, whatever the weather.
    "It is particularly important for us to be able to keep indoor temperatures to a minimum at this time of year when demand for semen is high, as farmers serve more gilts in their efforts to minimize the impact of summer infertility," said Cook.

Tuesday, August 20, 2013

JSR Genetics delivers pigs to Nigerian agriculture institute

    Ayodele-Oniku-1308PIGnews
    Ayodele Oniku, JSR Genetics agent for South Africa, worked with the Institute of Agriculture Research and Training to deliver 20 pigs.

    JSR Genetics has delivered its first shipment of pigs to Nigeria as part of a supply agreement established with the Institute of Agriculture Research and Training in Ibadan. The agreement saw JSR deliver 20 Large White, Geneconverter 500 and 750 boars to a boar stud in Nigeria at the end of June. The institute is part of the Obafemi Awolowo University and is one of the primary national agricultural research institutes in Nigeria.
    The institute works closely with resource-poor farmers throughout southwestern Nigeria and aims to improve the genetic potential and yield of crops, livestock and other commodities. It also works to improve agricultural technologies, increase and maximize overall productivity and provide training for national agricultural development.
    JSR agent for West Africa, Ayodele Oniku, worked alongside the team at JSR and the Institute of Agriculture Research and Training to oversee the delivery. JSR also provided two weeks of training to two members of staff from the institute, who will work at the stud. This included classroom training covering biosecurity, collecting and processing semen and serving and farrowing on farm.
    Ben Rawson, key account manager at JSR Genetics, said he is pleased that this first shipment to Nigeria was a success and believes that a positive precedent has been established for the future. "When I joined the JSR Genetics team, I was presented with the task of completing a sale of boars to a Nigerian boar stud that had been in progress for some time. As Africa strives towards a more sustainable future, we deal with many enquiries from the continent, but with finances being very tight and controlled heavily by the government, many of these never get past the quote stage.
    "However, working with the institute was different, and with perseverance and lots of hard work from Ayodele Oniku, we secured the finances and were able to deliver the boars to the stud in late June. With delegates from the Institute of Agriculture Research and Training having visited JSR Genetics for an intensive two-week training program, we feel safe in the knowledge that the boars will be well looked after and that this will create a blueprint for future orders going to Africa," said Rawson.
    "We were all so pleased that the pigs arrived safely at their destination and can report that they are settled in and are doing well after their quarantine period. Everyone at the institute is very appreciative of the help and support received from JSR, and especially for their perseverance. We are very much looking forward to supplying semen from the stud across Nigeria and seeing the result of everyone's hard work," said Dr. Kingsley Adesehinwa from the institute.

Monday, June 10, 2013

Pig breeding companies change name to Choice Genetics, add new genetic selection technology

    Pig genetics companies, Newsham Choice Genetics and Pen Ar Lan, part of  the second largest multi-species genetic company in the world, Groupe Grimaud have announced they are changing their name to Choice Genetics.
    Choice Genetics announced it has added Computed Tomography (CT) scanning to its genetic selection technology. The scanning program, launched during the winter of 2012, is targeted for testing 10,000 paternal line pigs annually and will grow up to 20,000 including both paternal and maternal lines. Research indicates that CT results have a 99 percent correlation with finished pig carcass data, and a high correlation to feed conversion.
    "Adding this new technology will allow us to make faster genetic progress in carcass value and feed conversion," says Dr. Derek Petry, Ph.D., vice president of R&D at Choice Genetics.
    The platform includes focus on feed efficiency, both individually and in family group for competitive effects, selection for disease tolerance, selection for sow lifetime productivity, and whole genome selection.  The addition to its genetic evaluation platform of CT technology, scanning males and females at heavy North American market weights, will allow advancement in commercial pig total values.
    Newsham, joined Groupe Grimaud in 2008, and Pen Ar Lan joined in 2011, and have subsidiaries in the United States, Canada, Brazil, France, Germany, Poland and Vietnam.